Spectroscopy Introduction

Spectroscopy is a technique that uses the interaction of energy with a sample to perform an analysis. What Is a Spectrum? The data that is obtained from spectroscopy is called a spectrum. A spectrum is a plot of the intensity of energy detected versus the wavelength (or mass or momentum or frequency, etc.) of the energy. What Information Is Obtained? A spectrum can be used to obtain information about atomic and molecular energy levels, molecular geometries, chemical bonds, interactions of molecules, and related processes. Often, spectra are used to identify the components of a sample (qualitative analysis). Spectra may also be used to measure the amount of material in a sample (quantitative analysis). What Instruments Are Needed? Several instruments are used to perform spectroscopic analysis. In simplest terms, spectroscopy requires an energy source (commonly a laser, but this could be an ion source or radiation source) and a device for measuring the change in the energy source after it has interacted with the sample (often a spectrophotometer or interferometer). What Are Some Types of Spectroscopy? There are as many different types of spectroscopy as there are energy sources! Here are some examples: Astronomical Spectroscopy Energy from celestial objects is used to analyze their chemical composition, density, pressure, temperature, magnetic fields, velocity, and other characteristics. There are many energy types (spectroscopies) that may be used in astronomical spectroscopy. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Energy absorbed by the sample is used to assess its characteristics. Sometimes absorbed energy causes light to be released from the sample, which may be measured by a technique such as fluorescence spectroscopy. Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy This is the study of substances in thin films or on surfaces. The sample is penetrated by an energy beam one or more times, and the reflected energy is analyzed. Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and the related technique called frustrated multiple internal reflection spectroscopy are used to analyze coatings and opaque liquids. Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy This is a microwave technique based on splitting electronic energy fields in a magnetic field. It is used to determine structures of samples containing unpaired electrons. Electron Spectroscopy There are several types of electron spectroscopy, all associated with measuring changes in electronic energy levels. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy This is a family of spectroscopic techniques in which the sample is irradiated by all relevant wavelengths simultaneously for a short period of time. The absorption spectrum is obtained by applying mathematical analysis to the resulting energy pattern. Gamma-ray Spectroscopy Gamma radiation is the energy source in this type of spectroscopy, which includes activation analysis and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy The infrared absorption spectrum of a substance is sometimes called its molecular fingerprint. Although frequently used to identify materials, infrared spectroscopy also may be used to quantify the number of absorbing molecules. Laser Spectroscopy Absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy commonly use laser light as an energy source. Laser spectroscopies provide information about the interaction of coherent light with matter. Laser spectroscopy generally has high resolution and sensitivity. Mass Spectrometry A mass spectrometer source produces ions. Information about a sample may be obtained by analyzing the dispersion of ions when they interact with the sample, generally using the mass-to-charge ratio. Multiplex or Frequency-Modulated Spectroscopy In this type of spectroscopy, each optical wavelength that is recorded is encoded with an audio frequency containing the original wavelength information. A wavelength analyzer can then reconstruct the original spectrum. Raman Spectroscopy Raman scattering of light by molecules may be used to provide information on a samples chemical composition and molecular structure. X-ray Spectroscopy This technique involves excitation of inner electrons of atoms, which may be seen as x-ray absorption. An x-ray fluorescence emission spectrum may be produced when an electron falls from a higher energy state into the vacancy created by the absorbed energy.

Web Search Engine and Google Essay - 753 Words

Case Discussion Questions: 1. How does Google’s mission drive strategy at the company? Google had a framework and foundation with the vision to obtain the business of China’s customers with little to now censorship. Seeing that they needed China in the market, Google not only followed their own policies but also made key decisions adopted by the management which had major financial impact. To remain true to their mission of â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally acceptable and useful† (Jones, 2008) they had to decide whether or not to move operations to China or remain in the U.S. The direction of the organization toward keeping that mission was effective when they decided to move operations to China and†¦show more content†¦Google focused on customer needs (accessing information) and then provided solutions to make this happen. When a company takes pride upon itself and initiative to do the right thing, many times the government will not cause them as much stress as if they had not in the first place. By utilizing self-censorship, they weren’t being â€Å"evil† but rather adhering to China’s governmental requests and requirements for business. Moreover, when a company chooses censorship on its own it may show the governments that they are willing to not only follow their laws without issue but also to put their nations people first as well. Many times when a government wants to censor for you they will also censor more than the company would have done for them. Google may have deterred this by performing self-censorship as well. 4. If all foreign search engine companies declined to invest directly in China due to concerns over censorship, what do you think the results would be? Who would benefit most from this action? Who would lose the most? As mentioned in the excerpt, China is one of the largest nations in the world and if this occurred then I fear the results would be that not only China would lose access to a huge service but companies all over the world would falter in many areas (Jones, 2008). Billions of dollars would be lost by not onlyShow MoreRelatedWeb Search Engine and Google3206 Words   |  13 PagesGOOGLE INC. HARVARD BUSINESS CASE #9-806-105 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND In December of 2005, six years after its founding and twenty-one months after the company went public, search engine giant Google, Inc. had grown into not just probably the world’s biggest and most successful Internet companies, but also one of America’s biggest business success stories. Founded by two Stanford graduate students, Google was in many ways the quintessential American business success story. Sergey Brin andRead MoreGoogle A Web Based Search Engine For The Internet843 Words   |  4 PagesSergey Brin, credited a web-based search engine for the internet. The program s first name was Backrub and was later changed to Google in 1998. Google is one of the best known and admired companies in the world. Their search engine on the internet today usually gets 1 billion searches per day. Google grew from 10 employees working in a garage to over 10,000 employees worldwide. Google was the first to put the customer first into their internet search engines. Their mission statementRead MoreGoogle And The Google Search Engine Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesGoogle s Rise to Prominence Want to find the answer to a difficult and complex linear algebra problem that seems unsolvable? Google it. Want to find out how to officially join Justin Bieber fan club? Google it. Want to find out who Justin Bieber is? Google it. Not long ago, people had to go to the library to search for information. Nowadays, people get their information from search engines through the Internet. Google has become the new library to quickly access information. If a question pops upRead MoreSearch Engine Optimization ( Seo )1491 Words   |  6 PagesSearch Engine Optimization (SEO) refers to a range of integrated techniques with the goal of securing higher Organic Search rankings (results on the left hand side of the page when one search for a specific keywords on the search engine) on the search engine for keywords/key phrases (Jaegel and Smyth). SEO is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or web page in a search engine’s unpaid results- often referred to as organic result s (Wikipedia). According to Rohde, the SEO is a waysRead MoreGoogle Makes People Smarter?1723 Words   |  7 PagesGoogle Makes People Smarter People are adapting, and changing their approach of how they seek knowledge: From hours, and hours of researching in the library to find information, to a five-second research on the internet with a click of a button? In an ever-changing world, humans are evolving with the ease of technology. The google search engine allows the users to search anything with the tip of their fingers. The World Wide Web has billions of website with information. People can search anythingRead MoreGoogle s Largest Internet Search Engine991 Words   |  4 Pagestransform, so have web search engines utilized around the world. The beginning years of web based search witnessed a number of major search engines including AOL, Yahoo, MSN, and Netscape to name a few. Since Google’s inception, other search engines have taken a back seat. Generally accepted as an industry leader in web search engines, Google has rapidly developed into one of the most valuable companies in the world. Controlling roughly 6 7.5 percent of U.S. based search queries; Google has establishedRead MoreSearch Engine Optimization For Local Seo Services1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe flourishing variety of search engine organizations indicates how well-liked the sector has grown to be. These organizations have knowledgeable Search engine optimization authorities who will assist create your web site content material. In spite of the all-natural understanding that Search engine optimization techniques are complex, these firms can help you possess a firm grasp of what s necessary using a higher degree of simplicity. They employ extensive Search engine marketing approaches thatRead MoreGoogles Business Level Strategy Essay examples942 Words   |  4 PagesStrategy Google currently pursues the generic business level strategy of differentiation. Google offers many unique products and services to many different kinds of customers. By offering so many distinct products and services, Google is able to achieve a competitive advantage. The Google web search engine, the company’s most popular service, offers users a more reliable way to search. Google’s web search engine has differentiated itself from competing search engines by utilizing aRead More Google vs. Msn Essay1232 Words   |  5 PagesGoogle vs. Msn One of the wonderful things about the internet is how it makes life much easier if the information can be found in the convenience of the home instead of going to a library and making a day out of it. This is especially true if the internet offers updated information as soon as it happens were as a library may only update a few things every week or month at a time. It is truly remarkable how much information can be found and because of this it isn’t unbelievable thatRead MoreA Web Search Engine For Information On The World Wide Web1250 Words   |  5 PagesA web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs).If you want to understand it in simple terms: Search engines are basically a web based tool that enables the users to find information on the World Wide Web.The information may be a mix of web pages, images, and other types of files. The world wide web is so huge that it

The Monomyth and the Cosmogonic Cycle free essay sample

At the turn of the 20th century, monomyth, by definition, is the outline that associates a story to a human experience. The term was originally created by the author James Joyce, in his novel, Finnegan’s Wake, And then and too the trivials! And their bivouac! And his monomyth! Ah ho! Say no more about it! I’m sorry! I saw. I’m sorry! I’m sorry to say I saw! (Joyce 575) Few decades later, Joseph Campbell, a grad student at the time, writes a book on the Monomyth, The Hero with a Thousand Faces. In his first work that utilizes the monomyth, Joseph Campbell draws â€Å"how these repetitive universal myths are evident in our stories, in our lives and in our souls. † (â€Å"Monomyth. org†) In this novel, Campbell presents the notion of â€Å"A Hero’s Journey,† or the concept that every story has the same basic structure and plot line which makes use of interchangeable units. We will write a custom essay sample on The Monomyth and the Cosmogonic Cycle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, according to Literary Theory: An Introduction, a book written by Eagleton, â€Å"As long as the structure of relations between the units is preserved, it does not matter which items [one] select[s]. † (Eagleton 83) An example of a renowned fiction that follows the Cosmogonic Cycle is Star Wars. The story begins when the hero is called to adventure: R2D2’s holograph of Princess Leia: classic princess in distress. Among the three general division of the Cosmogonic Cycle, this is where the â€Å"separation† begins. The second stage is the â€Å"refusal of call†; Uncle Owen tells Luke of his other important duties. However, when Luke finds his family house burned, the â€Å"answering call† stage is initiated. Soon, Luke meets the â€Å"guide/talisman† figure, Obi Wan Kenobi, an old family friend who offers help. Luke also meets â€Å"companions† such as R2D2 and 3CPO, his servants that are ironically related to other figures he encounters in the story. The last stage of the separation, â€Å"entering the belly of the whale,† is when the crew is trapped in the Death Star because of the tractor beam. (Sparks) The second stage of the Cosmogonic Cycle, â€Å"Initiation,† gradually builds up the suspense for the third and the final stage of â€Å"return† ; the â€Å"dragon battle,† Vader battles with Obi Wan, followed by â€Å"ritual death, dismemberment: sparagmos,† the death – or disappearance – of Obi Wan. The return of Obi Wan as a spirit is the stage of â€Å"recognition by the father,† as one can also recognize Obi Wan as the father figure of Luke Skywalker. Luke saves Princess Leia, thus passing the stage of â€Å"apotheosis. † Star Wars then lays the final portion, â€Å"return,† beginning with â€Å"refusal of return† when Han Solo refuses to go back to Death Star. However, Han decides to come back for his companions to protect Luke, the stage of â€Å"rescue from without. † In the next stage, â€Å"crossing return threshold,† Falcoln then escapes the exploding Death Star with great luck and effort. Recognition of Han and Luke by the rebel troops is the final stage, â€Å"master of two worlds,† and ends the story and implies its sequel. (Sparks) The monomyth is very important in the human psyche. According to Campbell, The human psyche is essentially the same all over the world. The psyche is the inward experience of the human body, which is essentially the same in all human beings, with the same organs, the same instincts, the same impulses, the same conflicts, the same fears. (â€Å"Monomyth. org†) Archetypes are similar to the idea of the monomyth in that archetypes discuss similar storylines, usually pertaining to â€Å"Fairy Tales†, while the monomyth refers largely to heroic stories. However, both relate the stories’ themes to the human mind. From several studies performed by Freud and Jung, clear connections have been made from narrative to psyche. It is from these studies and philosophies that Joseph Campbell was able to create a highly developed theory of the monomyth. Monomyth also serve the purpose of telling a significant story that is vibrant for the human mind and remains inside our minds for a long period of time. As a result of the magnificent narratives which follow the cosmogonic cycle, the human mind is able to investigate the narrative’s themes in their own subconscious, provoking their very own â€Å"Hero’s Journey† to begin.